Circular Business Models in Manufacturing SMEs: Empirical Evidence from Northern Europe
While circular economic paradigms have been broadly examined in multinational conglomerates, manufacturing SMEs face distinct resource constraints, reverse logistics frictions, and capital hurdle rates. Based on 142 survey participants and 18 facility audits across Sweden, Denmark, and Finland.
Structured Abstract
verifiedPeer-ReviewedWhile circular economic paradigms have been broadly examined in multinational conglomerates, manufacturing SMEs face distinct resource constraints, reverse logistics frictions, and capital hurdle rates. Based on 142 survey participants and 18 facility audits across Sweden, Denmark, and Finland.
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